Data Points

  • Figure 1 Net Proton Event by Event Distribution
  • Figure 2 Net Proton Cumulants
  • Figure 3 Polynomial fit to data
  • Figure 4 Net Proton Cumulants Ratios
  • Supplemental material : Fig. 2
  • Supplemental material : Fig. 3

  • Figure 1 Net Proton Event by Event Distribution

    ⟨ΔN⟩7.7 Geverr.11.5 Geverr.14.5 Geverr.19.6 Geverr.27 Geverr.39 Geverr.54.4 Geverr.62.4 Geverr.200 Geverr.
    -23000000000000000000
    -22000000000000000000
    -21000000000000000000
    -20000000000000000000
    -19000000000000000000
    -1800000000000000007.72543e-087.72543e-08
    -1700000000000000002.31763e-071.33808e-07
    -1600000000000000001.46783e-063.36744e-07
    -15000000000000003.32505e-073.32505e-074.40349e-065.83257e-07
    -14000000000000003.32505e-073.32505e-071.2747e-059.92349e-07
    -130000000000009.12182e-085.26648e-08003.78546e-051.7101e-06
    -120000000000003.95279e-071.09631e-071.99503e-068.14466e-079.78039e-052.74878e-06
    -110000000000001.06421e-061.79885e-072.66004e-069.40465e-070.000236634.27559e-06
    -1000000000001.69005e-071.69005e-073.25345e-063.14523e-077.98011e-061.62893e-060.0005590896.57206e-06
    -900000000003.3801e-072.39009e-071.05813e-055.67218e-073.05904e-053.18927e-060.001190879.59167e-06
    -800000000001.85906e-065.60527e-073.17135e-059.81979e-078.21286e-055.22572e-060.002509761.39244e-05
    -700000000001.01403e-051.30911e-068.5137e-051.60894e-060.000209818.35242e-060.004908891.94739e-05
    -600000000003.1942e-052.32344e-060.0002247622.61421e-060.0005290151.32627e-050.008932142.62687e-05
    -5000000003.45412e-061.54473e-060.0001037694.18778e-060.0005439644.06692e-060.001233262.025e-050.0154273.45225e-05
    -4000000001.31257e-053.01123e-060.0002903517.00505e-060.001222516.09685e-060.00269962.99605e-050.02481434.37837e-05
    -30000001.17376e-061.17376e-064.42127e-055.52659e-060.0007860431.15259e-050.002573728.84628e-060.005700464.35365e-050.03726885.36579e-05
    -20000004.69504e-062.34752e-060.0001043148.48899e-060.001893031.78866e-050.005109771.24647e-050.0105545.9239e-050.05252236.36991e-05
    -10000001.29114e-053.89292e-060.0003032721.44744e-050.004133022.64292e-050.009368811.6878e-050.01868717.8826e-050.06894787.2983e-05
    000004.8042e-062.4021e-064.69504e-057.42351e-060.0007785582.31915e-050.008356973.75815e-050.01602342.20728e-050.03031710.0001004020.08433668.07178e-05
    100001.20105e-053.79805e-060.0001525891.33829e-050.001961253.68087e-050.01545655.111e-050.02555612.78758e-050.0453420.0001227860.09652648.63544e-05
    200004.9243e-057.69047e-060.0003450852.01258e-050.004248575.41757e-050.02615786.64891e-050.03799163.39878e-050.06252810.000144190.1027988.91158e-05
    3007.23174e-064.17525e-060.0001357191.27673e-050.0009589623.35498e-050.008332037.58681e-050.04051738.27504e-050.05260243.99929e-050.08000030.0001630960.1025968.9028e-05
    4003.85693e-059.64232e-060.000366322.09754e-050.002261845.15253e-050.01510560.0001021530.05769629.87469e-050.06792334.54454e-050.09460390.0001773590.09521178.57643e-05
    5008.67809e-051.44635e-050.0009788563.42878e-050.004610537.35639e-050.02506520.0001315890.07557640.0001130170.08213834.9975e-050.1043810.0001862990.08286128.00086e-05
    67.06155e-067.06155e-060.0002965012.67346e-050.002439335.41272e-050.008636530.0001006840.03826890.0001625950.0915170.0001243660.09279845.31191e-050.1058980.0001876480.06755557.22423e-05
    77.06155e-067.06155e-060.0007810284.33904e-050.004947127.70827e-050.01550070.0001348850.05391740.0001929960.102660.0001317190.09848985.47237e-050.100480.0001827840.05160686.31415e-05
    87.06155e-067.06155e-060.001733216.46377e-050.009399420.000106250.02504570.0001714570.0699770.0002198680.1064250.0001341130.0978715.45515e-050.08927550.0001722920.03705895.35066e-05
    97.7677e-052.34205e-050.003401339.05493e-050.01613490.0001392080.03733610.0002093410.08508810.0002424480.1027940.0001318050.09176535.28226e-050.07391480.000156770.02505314.39938e-05
    100.0001694773.45944e-050.006838810.0001283960.02538660.0001746150.05133320.0002454650.09580760.0002572670.09282510.0001252510.08100234.96282e-050.05765130.0001384530.01598063.51364e-05
    110.0003883855.23698e-050.01172750.0001681370.03755440.0002123790.06651110.0002794070.1005490.0002635560.07847910.0001151670.06747234.52942e-050.0421220.0001183460.009612982.72515e-05
    120.0007273397.16669e-050.01862170.0002118710.05102540.0002475560.07881920.0003041620.09906140.0002615990.06197350.0001023420.05319394.02171e-050.02904039.82651e-050.005498492.06102e-05
    130.001511170.0001033020.02795070.0002595710.06572260.0002809560.08945580.0003240360.09182220.0002518590.04627928.84388e-050.03968953.47391e-050.01876827.89969e-050.002961621.51261e-05
    140.002739880.0001390960.03912130.0003070910.07816790.0003064040.09535510.000334550.08035180.0002356030.03263277.42637e-050.02816962.92665e-050.01157186.20297e-050.001529941.08717e-05
    150.004886590.000185760.05107050.000350870.08711810.0003234710.09534450.0003345320.06582580.0002132460.0217556.06359e-050.01899612.40332e-050.006780434.74818e-050.0007390147.55592e-06
    160.007541730.0002307730.06395030.0003926290.09296240.0003341440.08972570.0003245250.05174620.000189070.01374214.81923e-050.0121951.92562e-050.003726713.52015e-050.0003469495.17719e-06
    170.01153860.0002854470.07442180.0004235560.09284830.0003339390.08021480.0003068430.03859360.0001632830.008214163.7259e-050.007498561.50997e-050.001994692.57535e-050.0001525773.43325e-06
    180.01751970.0003517330.08206580.0004447760.08786160.0003248480.06814260.0002828130.02708030.0001367760.004638852.79998e-050.004380571.15411e-050.0009882031.81268e-056.19579e-052.18781e-06
    190.02493430.0004196130.08693760.0004577880.07926810.0003085530.05544250.00025510.01818730.000112090.002527812.06691e-050.002450338.63163e-060.0004804691.26395e-052.47214e-051.38197e-06
    200.03255370.0004794580.08679290.0004574070.06774280.0002852410.04238920.0002230580.01169298.98762e-050.001311481.48878e-050.001313696.32015e-060.0002320888.78467e-069.03875e-068.35633e-07
    210.04241170.0005472590.08298420.0004472580.05568670.0002586160.03140280.0001919880.007128617.01756e-050.0006619931.05773e-050.000674684.52928e-069.44313e-055.60347e-063.5537e-065.23964e-07
    220.05154220.0006032980.07630210.0004288730.0436690.0002290170.02204320.0001608520.00413325.34351e-050.0003086037.22188e-060.000336963.20088e-064.22281e-053.74714e-061.23607e-063.09017e-07
    230.06019970.0006519990.06685980.0004014610.03264330.0001980060.01490210.0001322550.002343274.02342e-050.0001397674.86018e-060.0001612432.21422e-061.52952e-052.25516e-061.54509e-071.09254e-07
    240.06651980.000685370.0559520.0003672560.02351050.000168040.009850190.0001075260.001251082.93986e-055.71237e-053.10712e-067.413e-051.50133e-066.98259e-061.52373e-062.31763e-071.33808e-07
    250.07291050.0007175380.04525860.0003303020.01618770.0001394360.006076558.44536e-050.00066252.13932e-052.75478e-052.15771e-063.2869e-059.99708e-072.32753e-068.79724e-077.72543e-087.72543e-08
    260.07427340.0007242130.03464480.0002889880.0107950.0001138660.003599926.50034e-050.0002977451.43419e-051.09853e-051.36256e-061.36523e-056.44293e-079.97514e-075.75915e-077.72543e-087.72543e-08
    270.07567160.0007309980.02623920.0002514990.007125839.2512e-050.002115124.98261e-050.0001436919.9632e-065.74617e-069.85461e-075.38187e-064.04526e-073.32505e-073.32505e-0700
    280.07355310.0007206930.01898810.0002139450.00435267.23028e-050.001144423.66506e-055.80292e-056.33151e-061.85906e-065.60527e-072.79736e-062.91645e-073.32505e-073.32505e-0700
    290.0689490.0006977720.01324850.0001787080.002569055.55477e-050.0006044862.66369e-052.69421e-054.31419e-065.07015e-072.92725e-078.81776e-071.63742e-070000
    300.06142130.0006585820.009254210.0001493590.001537344.29701e-050.0003192631.93581e-051.51981e-053.24025e-06001.5203e-076.799e-080000
    310.05383720.0006165830.005479250.0001149270.0008623543.21828e-050.0001596311.36883e-055.52659e-061.95394e-06009.12182e-085.26648e-080000
    320.04587180.0005691450.003705069.45058e-050.0004419862.30401e-057.51206e-059.39008e-062.7633e-061.38165e-0600000000
    330.03737680.0005137490.002193637.2718e-050.0002378081.69003e-053.05178e-055.98502e-061.38165e-069.76972e-0700000000
    340.02982090.0004588920.001342695.68917e-050.0001345181.27107e-051.40851e-054.06602e-066.90824e-076.90824e-0700000000
    350.0227170.0004005210.0007786174.33234e-055.52483e-058.14592e-061.17376e-053.71175e-060000000000
    360.01772450.0003537830.0004194413.17977e-053.24283e-056.24084e-062.34752e-061.65995e-060000000000
    370.01270370.0002995130.0002603432.50515e-052.04178e-054.95205e-06000000000000
    380.009547210.000259659.88338e-051.54352e-056.00525e-062.68563e-06000000000000
    390.006334210.0002114938.19597e-051.4056e-053.60315e-062.08028e-061.17376e-061.17376e-060000000000
    400.004166310.0001715243.61587e-059.33613e-062.4021e-061.69854e-06000000000000
    410.002874050.0001424611.92846e-056.81815e-0600000000000000
    420.001991360.0001185842.41058e-062.41058e-0600000000000000
    430.001158099.04319e-052.41058e-062.41058e-0600000000000000
    440.0007132167.09677e-054.82116e-063.40907e-0600000000000000
    450.0004590015.6932e-050000000000000000
    460.0002683394.35303e-050000000000000000
    470.0001341693.07806e-050000000000000000
    480.0001341693.07806e-050000000000000000
    498.47386e-052.44619e-050000000000000000
    501.41231e-059.98654e-060000000000000000
    51000000000000000000
    52000000000000000000
    53000000000000000000
    547.06155e-067.06155e-060000000000000000
    55000000000000000000

    Figure 2 Net Proton Cumulants

    E7.711.514.519.627.039.054.462.4200.0
    0-5% C139.42153930.25397125.65747321.76946817.47040613.46737411.10730010.1025874.566216
    stat.0.0199920.0106110.0071300.0066800.0044970.0026240.0010830.0040550.002280
    sys.2.4153592.8217481.7185241.4614771.2036130.9410840.8048501.0345440.389982
    70-80% C10.8056540.6021620.5467810.4248920.3341410.2804790.1463880.2094320.109607
    stat.0.0024040.0011880.0008890.0007210.0004750.0003680.0001020.0005610.000262
    sys.0.0455960.0465620.0355350.0277840.0220040.0184030.0090450.0176400.008346
    0-5% C236.96298229.22507526.20540224.15797822.68741422.54318423.73760023.75987630.192270
    stat.0.2142420.1030850.0661570.0582110.0385470.0235130.0095640.0381640.026632
    sys.2.0341952.3385581.5994791.4669741.4439921.4806641.5733702.1473862.423239
    70-80% C20.7983550.6509210.6524610.5924250.5792170.6440620.4566010.6872070.873014
    stat.0.0042030.0019190.0014650.0011080.0007320.0005900.0001500.0009360.000486
    sys.0.0438740.0483640.0406940.0367110.0361070.0401530.0236700.0458140.053022
    0-5% C329.51814322.89964720.49806615.51075212.5473389.9618368.2334507.7323943.692589
    stat.2.8394151.2420160.7653150.6275720.4075530.2602020.1041890.4442160.382348
    sys.1.6546571.3626391.1530570.6781570.6237770.5062660.4187130.5750120.390343
    70-80% C30.7386460.5305970.4865480.3612340.2837250.2376720.1294800.1777040.089961
    stat.0.0118720.0050170.0045720.0025070.0016180.0012920.0002960.0020890.001186
    sys.0.0400450.0371590.0294840.0206360.0164670.0136200.0073710.0133800.005996
    0-5% C465.31256120.33469838.4894563.3954704.45248616.67504115.02200018.84051127.193245
    stat.43.46519117.61995510.4601158.0522105.0317463.3555281.3229406.0296266.346742
    sys.16.2015047.3714078.0621403.6629283.0981533.3435352.9483903.9924254.891671
    70-80% C40.7297800.5437620.6040100.4620780.4672180.5105730.3839080.5429140.685107
    stat.0.0401530.0172420.0358970.0072690.0047240.0036370.0008160.0060750.003679
    sys.0.0440630.0384190.0477110.0236610.0251980.0262730.0165910.0272070.033240

    Figure 3 Polynomial fit to data

    S𝜎

    energy/GeV7.711.514.519.6273954.462.4
    data0.7985870.7835620.7822080.6420550.5530530.4419030.3468520.325439
    error0.08266120.05459320.03080760.03079580.02304080.01895750.007731990.0242103
    Baseline0.9853240.9401830.8924130.8090970.690170.5427140.4229050.386921
    fitting derivative0.00706016-0.00937774-0.016078-0.0189006-0.0134584-0.0051872-0.007190720.00591467
    fitting derivative stat. error0.02137650.008815650.003954620.003113580.001697580.002210440.002638420.00699181
    fitting derivative sys. error0.01111790.00441550.002396510.002042280.001254260.001678830.002395460.0061745
    poly-5 fitting = (0.511258 ± 0.455831) + (0.0806542 ± 0.0868424) * x^1 + (-0.00703655 ± 0.00599046) * x^2 + (0.000227417 ± 0.000188318) * x^3 + (-3.28094e-06 ± 2.73185e-06) * x^4 + (1.76183e-08 ± 1.4828e-08) * x^5

    κ𝜎2

    energy/GeV7.711.514.519.6273954.462.4
    data1.766970.6957961.468760.1405530.1962540.7396930.6328370.792955
    error1.2230.6521180.4704650.3638960.2619870.20010.1493470.278876
    Baseline11111111
    fitting derivative-0.340987-0.212014-0.132958-0.03861320.02624820.020344-0.007844480.0499322
    fitting derivative stat. error0.1419340.08683190.05466920.0225590.01926840.01074910.01794080.0577548
    fitting derivative sys. error0.07878890.04467810.02616550.01301550.01406240.01017790.01136330.0465067
    poly-5 fitting = (6.24298 ± 1.7834) + (-0.71695 ± 0.224925) * x^1 + (0.0299416 ± 0.010054) * x^2 + (-0.000510247 ± 0.000189184) * x^3 + (3.07702e-06 ± 1.27186e-06) * x^4

    Figure 4 Net Proton Cumulants Ratios

    STAR Data

    Energies (GeV)7.711.514.519.6273954.462.4200
    C2/C10.9376340.9659911.021361.109721.298621.673912.137122.351866.6121
    stat. error0.005414330.003389530.002565810.002664820.002205650.001755240.0008772830.003852280.00666528
    sys. error0.008489570.01485820.007299760.008689590.01103640.01455610.01771910.04272440.0899917
    C3/C20.7985870.7835620.7822080.6420550.5530530.44190.3468520.3254390.122302
    stat. error0.07526910.04171120.02869950.02555250.01773180.01141120.004361230.01852270.0125973
    sys. error0.03416780.0352220.01120160.01718870.01471270.01513830.006384630.01559550.0108993
    C4/C21.766970.6957961.468760.1405530.1962540.7396930.6328370.7929550.900669
    stat. error1.150820.5950770.3959810.3287680.2194150.1470060.05537420.2508230.208458
    sys. error0.4139440.2667220.2540530.1559860.1431580.1357540.1387020.1219270.139363

    HRG

    C2/C1
    E/GeV7.711.51519.6273962.4130200
    HRG GCE1.006631.047921.112911.225591.445641.852892.71555.329788.07778
    E/GeV8.817.272762.4
    HRG CE0.8940111.095741.3542.42533
    E/GeV7.711.519.6273962.4200
    HRG EV0.9651621.009761.166431.360191.723662.502627.38962
    C3/C2
    E/GeV7.711.51519.6273962.4130200
    HRG GCE0.987620.9509060.8961250.814160.6904870.5388510.3677290.187370.12363
    E/GeV8.817.272762.4
    HRG CE0.7880240.7265380.6061860.343265
    E/GeV7.711.519.6273962.4200
    HRG EV0.9003270.8980510.8020080.6936860.5495030.3774030.121625
    C4/C2
    E/GeV4.17.711.51519.6273962.4130200257
    HRG GCE0.9885190.9885190.9933030.995160.9964150.9973880.9980460.9984690.9987040.9987480.998748
    E/GeV8.817.272762.4
    HRG CE0.4314710.6572610.739340.811763
    E/GeV7.711.519.6273962.4200
    HRG EV0.7382250.8151040.8849760.9124450.9351550.9542290.97581

    UrQMD

    Energies (GeV)7.711.519.6273962.4200
    C2/C10.9314160.9724321.081871.196311.3861.745693.64048
    stat. error0.0009195310.0006003220.000688970.0008699890.0007777180.001886430.0034499
    C3/C20.8382830.8464880.8037160.7580840.6609540.5275640.270407
    stat. error0.01050460.00590450.005541790.006101470.004552910.008536630.00765248
    C4/C20.4492880.6181490.6666060.9031670.8600310.8291860.914062
    stat. error0.1352950.06995730.06063430.06372260.04572240.08165490.0728309

    Supplemental material : Fig. 2

    0-5%, 200GeV, CBWC Δ2.5%
    Cumulant(stat.err)eff.corrunfolded, binomialunfolded, beta α+σunfolded, betaunfolded, beta α-σ
    C14.566216(0.002280)4.73424(0.00220591)4.73069(0.00226485)4.73049(0.00215198)4.72013(0.00215501)
    C230.3874(0.0237513)30.2599(0.024126)29.7504(0.0241654)29.2376(0.0269021)28.2699(0.0232921)
    C33.88415(0.365785)4.01663(0.368058)3.88294(0.333517)3.7134(0.355716)3.66194(0.318296)
    C433.7236(6.30164)32.5102(5.3469)30.9981(5.95128)28.5807(6.08245)24.9597(5.49008)
    C2/C16.66254(0.00608719)6.39255(0.00595087)6.28981(0.00584483)6.18175(0.00641245)5.99102(0.00558172)
    C3/C20.127525(0.0121569)0.132399(0.0122269)0.130211(0.0112684)0.126696(0.0122269)0.129092(0.0113477)
    C4/C21.10279(0.209222)1.07028(0.177701)1.03888(0.202065)0.97491(0.208826)0.87512(0.19551)

    Supplemental material : Fig. 3

    Top 5% Central Au+Au Collisions at RHIC

    net-proton, 0.4<pT (GeV/c)<2.0

    7.7 GeV

    |y|<ymaxymax=0.1ymax=0.2ymax=0.3ymax=0.4ymax=0.5
    C4/C20.767135-0.006061060.3971910.7119071.76697
    C4/C2 stat.0.2962410.4979550.7767970.9600381.15082
    C4/C2 sys.0.1294130.2657030.3698910.6985070.413944

    11.5 GeV

    |y|<ymaxymax=0.1ymax=0.2ymax=0.3ymax=0.4ymax=0.5
    C4/C20.9591181.090850.5927230.1543790.695796
    C4/C2 stat.0.1717620.3198480.4038050.4929670.595077
    C4/C2 sys.0.08948850.1217010.3746330.380890.266722

    14.5 GeV

    |y|<ymaxymax=0.1ymax=0.2ymax=0.3ymax=0.4ymax=0.5
    C4/C20.8980190.6384250.7462520.4455811.46876
    C4/C2 stat.0.1040990.1762870.2491380.3150060.395981
    C4/C2 sys.0.04163920.1537790.1262060.170570.254053

    19.6 GeV

    |y|<ymaxymax=0.1ymax=0.2ymax=0.3ymax=0.4ymax=0.5
    C4/C20.7762980.6510560.4546580.5230950.140553
    C4/C2 stat.0.0888540.1485660.2107370.2890110.328768
    C4/C2 sys.0.04960380.1032560.1065710.1558320.155986

    27 GeV

    |y|<ymaxymax=0.1ymax=0.2ymax=0.3ymax=0.4ymax=0.5
    C4/C20.8954740.8386280.7681720.6554190.196254
    C4/C2 stat.0.05837040.1023180.1451330.1826760.219415
    C4/C2 sys.0.02398290.04838680.06608550.09386060.143158

    39 GeV

    |y|<ymaxymax=0.1ymax=0.2ymax=0.3ymax=0.4ymax=0.5
    C4/C20.9196350.8259410.907780.8471620.739693
    C4/C2 stat.0.03830680.06751930.09395950.1202670.147006
    C4/C2 sys.0.02799260.03415760.05728170.108580.135754

    54.4 GeV

    |y|<ymaxymax=0.1ymax=0.2ymax=0.3ymax=0.4ymax=0.5
    C4/C20.8836060.8691610.7949190.7546160.632837
    C4/C2 stat.0.01416860.02386760.03331290.04247420.0553742
    C4/C2 sys.0.01155860.00775950.03817860.06089980.138702

    62.4 GeV

    |y|<ymaxymax=0.1ymax=0.2ymax=0.3ymax=0.4ymax=0.5
    C4/C20.8346510.7929610.6999820.8842280.792955
    C4/C2 stat.0.06343250.1121840.1598190.2095590.250823
    C4/C2 sys.0.03891470.09571610.07736170.09530850.121927

    200 GeV

    |y|<ymaxymax=0.1ymax=0.2ymax=0.3ymax=0.4ymax=0.5
    C4/C20.987550.9580880.9200140.8868370.900669
    C4/C2 stat.0.04904990.1046120.1376070.1688520.208458
    C4/C2 sys.0.04885510.07029140.09734180.1170840.139363