Operations (methods) are also displayed with at least their name, and can also show their parameters and return types. Operations can, just as Attributes, display their visibility:

Classes can have templates, a value which is used for an unspecified class or type. The template type is specified when a class is initiated (i.e. an object is created). Templates exist in modern C++ and will be introduced in Java 1.5 where they will be called Generics.

Inheritance is one of the fundamental concepts of Object Orientated programming, in which a class “gains” all of the attributes and operations of the class it inherits from, and can override/modify some of them, as well as add more attributes and operations of its own.

In UML, a Generalisation association between two classes puts them in a hierarchy representing the concept of inheritance of a derived class from a base class. In UML, Generalisations are represented by a line connecting the two classes, with an arrow on the side of the base class.

 

 

Visual representation of a generalisation in UML

An association represents a relationship between classes, and gives the common semantics and structure for many types of “connections” between objects.

Associations are the mechanism that allows objects to communicate to each other. It describes the connection between different classes (the connection between the actual objects is called object connection, or link.

Associations can have a role that specifies the purpose of the association and can be uni- or bidirectional (indicates if the two objects participating in the relationship can send messages to the other, of if only one of them knows about the other). Each end of the association also has a multiplicity value, which dictates how many objects on this side of the association can relate to one object on the other side.

In UML, associations are represented as lines connecting the classes participating in the relationship, and can also show the role and the multiplicity of each of the participants. Multiplicity is displayed as a range [min..max] of non-negative values, with a star (*) on the maximum side representing infinite.

 

Visual representation of an Association in UML

Aggregations are a special type of associations in which the two participating classes don't have an equal status, but make a “whole-part” relationship. An Aggregation describes how the class that takes the role of the whole, is composed (has) of other classes, which take the role of the parts. For Aggregations, the class acting as the whole always has a multiplicity of one.

In UML, Aggregations are represented by an association that shows a rhomb on the side of the whole.

 

Visual representation of an Aggregation relationship in UML

Compositions are associations that represent very strong aggregations. This means, Compositions form whole-part relationships as well, but the relationship is so strong that the parts cannot exist on its own. They exist only inside the whole, and if the whole is destroyed the parts die too.

In UML, Compositions are represented by a solid rhomb on the side of the whole.

Interfaces are abstract classes which means instances can not be directly created of them. They can contain operations but no attributes. Classes can inherit from interfaces (through a realisation association) and instances can then be made of these classes.

Datatypes are primitives which are typically built into a programming language. Common examples include integers and booleans. They can not have relationships to classes but classes can have relationships to them.

Enums are a simple list of values. A typical example is an enum for days of the week. The options of an enum are called Enum Literals. Like datatypes they can not have relationships to classes but classes can have relationships to them.

Packages represent a namespace in a programming language. In a diagram they are used to represent parts of a system which contain more than one class, maybe hundreds of classes.